{"title":"Ongunkan Archaic Etrusk","description":"\u003cp\u003eEtruscan was the language of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etruscan_civilization\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEtruscan civilization\u003c\/a\u003e, in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italy\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eItaly\u003c\/a\u003e, in the ancient region of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etruria\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEtruria\u003c\/a\u003e (modern \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuscany\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTuscany\u003c\/a\u003e, western \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umbria\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eUmbria\u003c\/a\u003e, northern \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latium\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLatium\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emilia-Romagna\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEmilia-Romagna\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Veneto\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eVeneto\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lombardy\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLombardy\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campania\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eCampania\u003c\/a\u003e). Etruscan influenced \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLatin\u003c\/a\u003e but was eventually completely superseded by it. The Etruscans left around 13,000 \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epigraphy\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003einscriptions\u003c\/a\u003e that have been found so far, only a small minority of which are of significant length; some bilingual inscriptions with texts also in Latin, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ancient_Greek\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGreek\u003c\/a\u003e, or \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phoenician_language\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePhoenician\u003c\/a\u003e; and a few dozen \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loanword\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eloanwords\u003c\/a\u003e. Attested from 700 BC to AD 50, the relation of Etruscan to other languages has been a source of long-running speculation and study, with its being referred to at times as an \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Language_isolate\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eisolate\u003c\/a\u003e, one of the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tyrsenian_languages\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTyrsenian languages\u003c\/a\u003e, and a number of other less well-known theories.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe consensus among linguists and Etruscologists is that Etruscan was a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pre%E2%80%93Indo-European_languages\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePre–Indo-European\u003c\/a\u003e,and a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paleo-European_languages\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePaleo-European language\u003c\/a\u003e and is closely related to the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raetic_language\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRaetic language\u003c\/a\u003e spoken in the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alps\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAlps\u003c\/a\u003e, and to the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lemnian_language\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLemnian language\u003c\/a\u003e, attested in a few inscriptions on \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lemnos\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eLemnos\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrammatically, the language is \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agglutinating\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eagglutinating\u003c\/a\u003e, with \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noun\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enouns\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verb\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003everbs\u003c\/a\u003e showing \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suffix\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esuffixed\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inflection\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003einflectional\u003c\/a\u003e endings and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apophony\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003egradation of vowels\u003c\/a\u003e. Nouns show five \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grammatical_case\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ecases\u003c\/a\u003e, singular and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grammatical_number\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eplural numbers\u003c\/a\u003e, with a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noun_class\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003egender\u003c\/a\u003e distinction between animate and inanimate in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pronouns\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003epronouns\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEtruscan appears to have had a cross-linguistically common \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phonology\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ephonological\u003c\/a\u003e system, with four \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phonemes\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ephonemic\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vowels\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003evowels\u003c\/a\u003e and an apparent contrast between \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aspirated_consonant\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003easpirated and unaspirated\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stop_consonant\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estops\u003c\/a\u003e. The records of the language suggest that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sound_change\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ephonetic change\u003c\/a\u003e took place over time, with the loss and then re-establishment of word-internal vowels, possibly due to the effect of Etruscan's word-initial \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stress_(linguistics)\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estress\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etruscan_religion\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEtruscan religion\u003c\/a\u003e influenced \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religion_in_ancient_Rome\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ethat of the Romans\u003c\/a\u003e, and many of the few surviving Etruscan language artifacts are of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Votive\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003evotive\u003c\/a\u003e or religious significance.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[],"url":"https:\/\/www.myfonts.com\/collections\/ongunkan-archaic-etrusk-font-runic-world-tamgac.oembed","provider":"MyFonts","version":"1.0","type":"link"}